Tests To Diagnose Bleeding Disorders

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Bleeding Disorders:

Bleeding Disorders are the group of conditions in which there is an abnormal tendency to bleed due to failure of the natural hemostasis process. It leads to extravasation of blood into the extravascular space i.e, blood exits the blood vessels.

Bleeding disorders might be caused due to the following conditions:

1. Platelet Abnormalities

• Thrombocytopenia
• Platelet Function Disorders
• Inherited Glanzmann Throbasthenia
• Inherited Wiskitt-Adrin Syndrome
• Drug-Induced
• Uremia

2. Primary Hemostasis Disorder

• Congenital Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
• Acquired Henoch-Schonlein Purpurara
• Blood Vessel Wall Defect

3. Thrombotic Disorders

• Fibrinolytic System Defects
• Increased Protein C Resistance
• Increased Prothrombin
• Antithrombin III Deficiency
• Protein C And Protein S Deficiency

4. Secondary Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemophilia A and B
• Coagulation Factor (2, 3, 7, 9, & 11) Deficiency
• Von Willebrand Disease
• Vitamin K Deficiency
• Liver Disease
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Tests To Diagnose Bleeding Disorders:

Several pathological tests on the patient's blood samples are performed in the laboratory. These tests use different mechanisms in diagnosing the cause of the bleeding disorders. These tests help to detect the time taken for the blood sample at a given time. The cause, disease, and treatment of the patient are directed by the derived results. Few tests that diagnose the bleeding disorders are mentioned below:

Peripheral Blood Smear:

The peripheral blood smear (PBS) or the blood film test is a type of blood test that is performed to get detailed information about the morphological characteristics and the number of blood cells under the microscope, which helps the physician in diagnosis of any changes.

Smear test help to detect RBCs, Platelets, and WBCs features. This helps to identify any abnormalities in the cells and aid the physician to diagnose the disease. It is also used to detect bleeding disorders.

Peripheral Blood Smear  is of two types:

1. Thick Blood Flim
2. Thin Blood Flim

For Details- Peripheral Blood Smear Procedure, Equipment, And Uses.

Bleeding Time:

Bleeding time is the time taken for bleeding to arrest after a puncture or cut of the skin capillary bed.
or 
Bleeding time is also defined as the time taken for standere skin wound to arrest bleeding.

Normal range of bleeding time is 2-6 minutes. 

There are few methods to identity the bleeding time:

1. Duke's Method

• Finger Tip Prick Method

2. Ivy's Method

• Incision On Forearm
• Multiple Incsion On the Wrist Region

For Details- Bleeding Time: Types, Materials Required, Procedure, And Applications

Clotting Time:

Clotting time is the interval of time taken for the fresh whole blood to clot.

Normal range of clotting time is 2-8 minutes.

There are three common methods to detect the clotting time:

1. Capillary Tube Method
2. Slide Method
3. Lee And White's Method

For Details- Clotting Time: Types, Material Requirments, Procedure, And Uses

Prothrombin Time:

Prothrombin time is the average time taken by the citrated plasma of patient's blood sample to clot after the addition of mixture f tissue thromboplastin and calcium.

Normal range of prothrombin time is 11-16 seconds.

For Details- Prothrombin Time Material Requirements, Procedure, And Uses.

Activated Prothrombin Time (APTT):

Activated prothrombin time (APTT) is the time interval taken for the citrated plasma of patient's blood to clot in the presence of mixture of calcium, phospholipid, and surface activator.

Noraml range of activated prothrombin time is 30-40 seconds.

For Details- Activated Prothrombin Time Procedure, Material Requirments, And Applications

Thrombin Time:

Thrombin time is a type of blood test that help to measure the time taken to form a clot in the plasma of blood sample containing anticoagulant when added with excess of thrombin.

This test is done only as a alternate method for abnormally prolonged APTT and Pt.

Normal range of thrombin test is 14-19 seconds.

For Details- Thrombin Time: Material Required, Procedure, And Uses

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